NURS70767 CDLM Assignment Answer

Introduction

Nursing is regarded as an integral part of the healthcare sector. Transformational leadership is essential as it develops a higher level of motivation in employees and is one of the most effective leadership styles in nursing. Emphasizes transformational leadership as fostering interactive relationships between leaders and employees (Iqbal et al. 2019). In nursing, this leadership style motivates the nursing staff to analyze their role and responsibilities and assist them in identifying their goals, setting their objective, and working towards attaining them. This leadership style promotes the development of the concept of patient safety (Ree and Wiig 2019). The present case explores a patient, Mr Dee who is diabetic and has been admitted to the surgical specialties unit and had undergone above-knee- amputation (AKA). This procedure involves the removal of the leg via cutting through the femoral bone. Transformational leaders motivate their team members to work towards focusing on the overall objectives of the organization (Jaroliya and Gyanchandani 2022). The leaders influence the team's performance. An effective leader enhances the growth of an organization. Transformational leadership aids in the management of the team and in achieving a common goal. This style of leadership assists in positively working in a multidisciplinary manner. In the above scenario coordination from varied members may assist Mr Dee. Coordinating multi-disciplinary care is imperative. Care and treatment get more organized when working in a coordinating manner. For taking care of Mr. Dee the multidisciplinary approach is appropriate. Dietician is a medical professional that may assist in this present case as he is diabetic so diet management is crucial. A physiotherapist may be another crucial professional that may assist in the pain management of the patient after the surgery. By adopting such an approach patient care becomes more effective and is made to meet up with their needs (Leeftink et al. 2020). Another form of leadership i.e. transactional leadership focuses on the managerial roles and utilizing rewards and punishment to achieve the desired results from the employees. This form of leadership is less adopted styles by nursing leaders as growth and motivation are not the only driving factors for them. They tend to be more result oriented rather than concerned with the growth of the team members. The following essay will encircle the critical analyses of Mr. Dee's case scenario and how the employment of transformational leadership by the nurse leader assists inadequate management of him.

Transformational Leadership in Assessment and Care Planning

Leadership is an essential competency in nursing practice and is central to the care management process. It is denoted as an attribute that assists in guiding, directing, and motivating the team members to work towards the attainment of a single goal (Albagawi 2019). There exist many leadership styles ranging from transformational to transactional. Transformational leadership style is the most prominent and widely employed style adopted by medical professionals including nurse leaders. In this style of leadership, the four I's form the basis of transformational leadership including an influence that is idealized, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Ferreira et al. 2019). According to the research conducted by Albagawi in 2019 nurse managers adopted the transformational style of leadership more often comparing it with other leadership forms. The type of leadership adopted determines the quality of care to the patients. Efficient leadership leads to successful outcomes for the organization. A few advantages of adopting a transformational leadership style of management in comparison to other styles are the creation of job satisfaction, a boost in patient safety, and an increased level of motivation. This form of leadership enhances the collaborative ability of the team members to improve health outcomes. Care planning is an extremely crucial key competency of nurses. It involves the accurate assessment and formulation of goals that are directed towards the uplifting of the condition of the patients. The objective is to cater to patient-specific goals and working in accordance leads to their attainment. By employing effective communication and a safe environment nurse leaders presents with the opportunity to exchange critical information that may assist in the overall care management of the patient. This form of leadership style encircles that the standards of practice are met and results in improved health outcomes. Delegation of duties by the nurse manager is motivating for the team members to uplift their skills. Transformational leadership in totality gives a horizon for the nurse leaders and staff members to provide efficient care.

Transformational Leadership in the Assessment and Management of the Patient

The patient, Mr. Dee is a diabetic patient who has been admitted to the surgical specialty ward post an above-knee amputation procedure (AKA). AKA is the procedure that involves the removal of a leg from the body via cutting of the thick tissue and femoral bone. Diabetes may enhance nerve damage and can cause the development of wounds or ulcers. Nonhealing diabetic wounds are associated with the removal of a portion of the legs (Myers and Chauvin 2022). Mr. Dee was diabetic and may have experienced certain wounds in the leg that required AKA.

 Planning and care of him should prioritize the management of any complications post-surgery as well as the management of diabetic symptoms. A transformational leadership style can be employed as this style of management motivates staff to recognize their roles, work by them and encourage them to achieve their goals. The care plan for patients with AKA consists of providing physiological and psychological assistance, checking for any postoperative complications, mitigating the pain, and enhancing mobility. Since Mr. Dee just had undergone the surgery, rehabilitation begins right after the surgery. He may experience complications such as an increased risk of infection, deterioration of the wound, decreased mobility, and episodes of unbearable pain (Stanford Healthcare 2023). Transformational leadership can assist the nurse leaders to assist the patients post-surgery by assigning and coordinating with the staff members and other health professionals. This form of leadership may assist the nurse practitioner to analyze the strengths and weak points of each member and allot work based on that input. One of the staff members could work towards regulating the daily exercise of the patient to reduce the incidences of stump trauma. Inspection of the stump area is extremely crucial including proper cleaning of the area and changing of the dressings to reduce the chances of edema. One nurse could be assessing the neurovascular assessment. Accurate documentation regarding the administration of IV fluids needs to be taken care of. The patient also was diabetic so the nurse leader should plan the care planning considering this aspect as well. Nurse-led management of diabetes has been shown to increase clinical outcomes (Ni et al. 2019).

Effective leadership aids in the management of diabetes. Nurses play an essential role in collaboration and employ evidence-based strategies to better the planning of diabetic patients. Nurse leaders play an essential role in managing the staff, maintaining the standards for quality of care, aligning the goals of the staff with that of the organization, and managing the procedures to ensure patient safety. The primary goal of nurse leaders should be managing blood glucose levels (University of California San Francisco 2023). Management of diabetic patients requires regulation of levels of blood glucose, management of diet, regulation of physical activity, and levels of insulin. Nursing leadership is employed in the policy-making and decision-making procedures involved in diabetes management. Considering the present case, the nursing leader can assign different duties to nursing staff regarding diabetes management, and formulation of the multidisciplinary team including a dietician, physician, and physiotherapist that may assist in the better recovery of Mr Dee (Alshammari et al. 2021). 

The nurse leaders may assign diverse roles to nursing staff including monitoring the physical signs of one nurse, regulating the blood glucose levels of another nursing staff, and monitoring the vital signs of others. Monitoring for the signs of hyperglycemia needs to be done in the case of Mr. Dee. Hyperglycemia after the surgery can be an indicator of poor surgical outcomes, so analyses of the levels of blood become furthermore imperative in the present scenario (Dogra and Jialal 2022). There can be an increase in the hormones like glucagon, catecholamine due to surgery, any complication, and anesthesia which decreases the insulin secretion causing an increase in gluconeogenesis and hence increasing sugar levels. In the case of increased levels of glucose, subcutaneous insulin can be an alternative. The leader should assign a nurse to check for the blood glucose levels since monitoring this will impact the post-surgery recovery. One of the major nurse’s roles in the present case can be educating the patients concerning self-management strategies.

Transformational Leadership and Imperativeness of Multidisciplinary Team Approach

Transformational leadership is an essential form of leadership adopted by leaders in the multidisciplinary team. This style of management aids in inspiring the members of the team to share common goals and aids in the availability of the resources to work to attain those goals (Reza 2019). The multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach is becoming a widespread model to provide holistic care. The basic function of (MDT) would be to group distinct medical professionals from varied fields to plan the care for patients (Taberna et al. 2020). The MDT approach can be employed to provide quality care to patients with AKA. Ranging from the physician to the nurses to the pharmacist, each medical professional has a distinct set of roles that they need to carry out to enhance patient outcomes. Nurses play an ever essential role in managing the patient overall. They assist in determining the overall care plan, monitoring the vital signs, aiding them to carry out day-to-day activities, administration of medication, and changing in dressing. The nurse specializing in wound care is essential to analyze whether the stump is healing. Another crucial member is the pharmacist apart from the physician, surgeon, and nurse who help in prescribing medications relating to pain and infections (Myers and Chauvin 2022). An interprofessional team approach including nurses, specialized nurses, surgeons, physicians, pharmacists, and physiotherapists can be employed to provide care to the patient with AKA.

Care Planning for the Patient by Adopting a Multidisciplinary Team Approach

 To plan care a multidisciplinary approach can be adopted to reduce the symptoms of distress for Mr Dee. The interdisciplinary team’s main objective is to provide care that is easily accessible, uninterrupted, and effective. While providing a team considered an MDT team the patient acts as an important member and effective communication regarding the treatment plan is essential. The management affects the level of complexity of diabetes. The whole concept of leadership is beneficial as it utilizes the involvement of diverse professionals in care planning formulation. Having shared goals is vital for the employment of a multidisciplinary approach (McGill et al. 2017).

All the members of the multidisciplinary teams need to be well versed with the knowledge and background regarding diabetes and therapies which assist them in day to day management of the patients. A multidisciplinary approach will assist in sharing knowledge with the members causing the enhancement in the understanding of the management of diabetes that improves the clinical outcomes. Amputation arises due to the result of any trauma, and diabetic neurovascular causes. To provide effective care for individuals with an amputation, integrated health teamwork is essential. The core competency of the multidisciplinary team is to accumulate diverse professionals from different fields to work in an integrated method to determine the treatment and care plan of the patients (Tberna et al. 2020). Wounds due to amputation require a multidisciplinary approach while providing care such as physiotherapists, and general physicians. Injuries related to amputation not only affect the physical well-being but also influences the mental well–being of the individuals. The post-surgery team leads by a physiatrist determines the needs of the patients and will be beneficial. Assessment of the wounds needs to be done. If wounds are severe then a nurse-led team will be beneficial in assisting the patient (Keszler et al. 2020). Nurses play a critical role in managing the psychological well-being of the individual. The major role of the nurses is to implement a care plan that takes into consideration the needs of the patients (Simsek et al. 2017). A nurse leader's focus is assigning tasks to the nursing staff such as managing the signs of any pain, to notice for psychological distress, and seeing for any signs of infection. Pain after the amputation is prominent in many cases. The major role of the nurse is to coordinate communication and activities between diverse professionals. The nurses play diverse roles in case management, and operational roles and provide medical assistance. Amputation is usually associated with low levels of self-esteem as the lives of the people become difficult and influence their quality of life. The individuals may experience a sense of helplessness and may find it difficult to achieve their life goals. Amputation is not only a long-term injury that causes physical impairment but also is associated with high levels of long-term stress and mental issues (Simsek et al. 2020). A risk of infection may arise which needs to be monitored. The psychological reactions of the patients after knee amputation vary greatly and depend upon varied factors. The people after knee amputation adopt diverse coping styles to deal with the situation. Some adopt a strategy of denial and do not engage in their care planning procedures. Anger towards the medical staff is another coping strategy that is employed by a large section of patients with knee amputation. Adaptation to such distress is imperative. Diverse stages of adaptation occur through the preoperative stage, followed by the immediate postoperative stage.

Post-Operative Assessment for Detecting Risks

Post-operative observation is extremely essential as they assist in identifying and managing the complications after surgery effectively. It is an essential criterion of surgical practices which assist in the safe recovery of patients. To provide relief to the patient, interventions are adopted to enhance and ensure that the patient is stable, free from the incidence of any sort of pain, and is recovering adequately. Observation after the surgery aids in identifying any co-morbidities that may hamper the patient's recovery. Regular assessment and monitoring of the critical features are essential to recognize signs of clinical deterioration (The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne 2023). To monitor the patients post-surgery, it is imperative to analyze the vital signs like blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and percentage of saturation which assists in the process of decision-making. Values away from the ideal range of these parameters represent the dysfunction of any of the organs. The monitoring is facilitated by the nurses every 4-6 hour intervals and documents the findings of the assessment (Khanna et al. 2019). Adequate management of monitoring procedures by the nurse leader is imperative. To carry out this job adequately, the nurses should be experienced and know about certain surgeries and care practices after the surgery. Employing the practice of continuous monitoring, the results obtained from continuous measurements can be converted into meaningful patient data and helps in estimating the patient's condition in a real-time setup. One of the significant features to look for is the prevalence of any signs of pain. Pain is a significant symptom after the surgery and inaccurate management of this can further exaggerate the condition and leads to serious complications.

Not only accurate assessment, but appropriate documentation of the cues obtained via assessing the patients is also imperative. Accuracy in documentation is essential. An accurate document should consist of all the details of actions taken to ensure the safety of the patient. It forms the basis for essential communication within a healthcare system (Kasaye et al. 2021). Errors in documentation can arise due to numerous factors. Poor documentation affects patient management. Excessive workload, burden, and long shift hours can probably cause an error in documentation (Ball and McBeth 2021). Organizational structure, workplace environment, lack of training, and inefficient resources are the main barriers that hinder accurate assessment and hence the nursing practice. Lack of training can be attributed as an imperative barrier to the physical assessment skills of the nurses. Lack of effective clinical training hampers the nursing practice. Adequate training is essential to handle patients with diverse needs and to implement the knowledge obtained in practice (Maniago et al. 2020). In the present case as well, the evaluation of the risks post-operation I essential in determining any factor that could contribute to the deterioration of Mr. Dee's health and impact his recovery.

Risks and Uncertainties Post-Surgery and its Management

In general, individuals who are diabetic and have undergone AKA may experience varied risks that may detrimentally affect their health and quality of life as a whole. Infection on the site of amputation and the development of stump wounds can be a serious health concerns. Treatment of infections becomes difficult and requires extra care for patients with diabetes. Individuals with diabetes already have compromised immune systems thus making them more susceptible to infections. The development of stump infection is common and may require re-amputation, hence enhancing the distress to the patients. The employment of clips instead of sutures is associated with the risks of the development of infection. The development of superficial surgical site infection (SSI) within 30 days post-surgery can occur at the site of infection and is one of the commonly occurring complications (Zabaglo and Sharman 2022).

The development of pressure sores can persist due to the restricted movement and mobility of the patients. Pressure ulcers are demarcated as damage to the skin and underlying tissues and are a result of persistent pressure over a place for a longer duration (Ratliff 2020). There are extensive changes in developing pressure ulcers after surgery, nearly 19% and longer duration of hospital stay and immobility may cause ever-increasing prevalence (Shafipour et al. 2016). The duration under which the screen breaks down and causes the development of ulcers varies from patient to patient. Due to the association of diabetes with nerve damage and hindered circulation, the risk of pressure ulcers is enhanced.

Prevalence of pain or phantom limb pain is commonplace amongst people with AKA. Acute post-operative pain is experienced by most patients. This existence of pain is inevitable in the scenario of amputation. This pain can occur due to the presence of tissue damage at the surgical site (Seering and Punia 2020). Whereas phantom limb pain can be debilitating and can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities. It is thought to be caused by changes in the way the brain processes sensory information after the amputation.

Stump edema or swelling may be prevalent and occurs as a result of inappropriate handling of the tissue during the time of surgery (NHS 2023). Edema occurs when there exist imbalances between the transfers of fluid across the capillary membrane and hence causes a reduction in muscular activity. Management of the edema also causes a reduction in phantom pain. Long-term diabetes can effects the legs and causes a buildup of edema. In the present case scenario, as Mr. Dee is diabetic extra focus needs to be given. He is at risk of developing the above-mentioned uncertainties if there exists any mishandling or error during his care.

After critically analyzing the case scenario and based on the evidence of the management of Mr. Dee, it is essential to lower the occurrence of risk factors post-surgery that can hamper his health. The role of nurse leaders furthermore becomes imperative in managing post-operative complications. Comprehensive high-quality nursing care can cause a decline in the incidences of complications arising after surgery. They assist in reducing pain, and other complications that may arise. The nurse leader by employing a positive approach and promoting teamwork should make efforts in assisting him. The leader should employ varied tasks depending on the competency of the staff member and empower them to work according to the guidelines (Collins et al. 2020).

To reduce the occurrence of the above stump infection effective antibiotic strategies can be used and management of the wound is essential. The foremost factor is to prevent the occurrence of these infections in the first place. To manage clean and dry dressing in the area of dressing is essential. Antibiotics such as penicillin G and cefazolin can be used to reduce the incidence of SSI. Pain management is another important area of focus that the nurse should see. Firstly the analysis of the type of pain is extremely imperative depending upon which the nursing interventions will be carried out. If the pain is not managed accurately can lead to the development of chronic pain which can have severe detrimental effects on health. Along with nurses, anesthesiologist, and pain physician is important to manage neuropathic pain. There exists the role of epidural analgesia in providing immediate relief to the paints post-operation (Ahuja et al. 2018). A combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches can be employed the providing relief from pain. Administration of the doses of medications like paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) (Barazanchi et al. 2018). Amputation stump management should also be given priority. Desensitization is a procedure that can be employed to manage the stumps. It needs to be performed twice a day with a time duration of at least 5 minutes (Choo et al. 2022).

By adhering to the principles of transformational leadership, a nurse leader can work effectively by promoting positive clinical outcomes for Mr. Dee. By adopting a transformational leadership style in the assessment and managing of the patient's case, the nurse leaders aim at promoting the physical and psychological well- being of the patient and causes lower mortality. This enables the nurses to attain clear goals and work by that.

Conclusion

After critically analyzing the evidence and case study it can be concluded that transformational leadership style is imperative when talking about nursing. This enables them to provide care by setting common goals and making the team work towards attaining these common goals. This leadership style motivates the nursing staff to analyze their role and responsibilities and assist them in identifying their goals, setting their objective, and working towards attaining them. This form of leadership enhances the collaborative ability of the team members to improve health outcomes. AKA is a procedure that causes the loss of a limb. Many associated factors can attribute to the attainment of such conditions, ranging from trauma to health conditions like diabetes. This procedure often impairs the physical and psychological well-being of the patient. It is associated with decreased mobility, incidences of pain, and difficulty to sustain life. In addition to this, diabetes further enhances the complications and results in serious health concerns. Hence effective management style for these patients is necessary. In the present case discussed by Mr. Dee, many complications can persist after surgery. Hence appropriate nursing interventions need to be adopted. Collaboration with professionals of different fields, i.e. MDT can be utilized to provide relief to the patient. The MDT approach can be employed to provide quality care to patients with AKA. The members of MDT to provide relief to the patient in the present scenario can be a nurse, physicians, pain management physician, therapist, surgeon, and nutritionist. Each member of the team has different roles to do and works towards attaining a common goal, i.e. enhancing the clinical outcomes for the patient. All the members of the multidisciplinary teams need to be well versed with the knowledge and background regarding diabetes and therapies which assist them in day to day management of the patients. A multidisciplinary approach will assist in sharing knowledge with the members causing the enhancement in the understanding of the management of diabetes that improves the clinical outcomes. Nurse leaders play an essential role in regulating the communication between the members of the MDT. The management of the risk factors that may hamper recovery is an essential nursing practice that results in positive clinical outcomes for the patient. The nurse leader should empower an environment that fosters the development of such skills. Hence, it can be concluded that the transformational leadership style aids in the management of complex cases that need an MDT approach.

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