The Mediterranean Crop Project Hydroponic Cucumber Assessment Answer

Introduction

For ages, farmers in the Mediterranean have reaped the benefits of cultivating cucumbers. Cucumbers are a popular and lucrative crop for farmers in this area because of the region's moderate environment, lengthy growing season, and ample sunlight.

Cucumber farming has been an important element of Malta's agricultural sector for decades. However, land scarcity and other obstacles have made conventional soil-based agricultural practices more challenging. Consequently, hydroponics and other nonconventional farming techniques have gained popularity (Nikolaou et al, 2021). Growers in Malta are increasingly looking to hydroponic cultivation as a means to increase yields and enhance the quality of their cucumbers. This technique of production is both sustainable and economical for farmers since it avoids losses due to soil-borne illnesses and pests, uses less water and fertilizer, and can be used year-round.

The increased yields and superior quality of cucumbers grown by hydroponic methods are a direct consequence of the farmers' ability to regulate environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and fertilizer levels. Hydroponic cucumber production gives great potential for Maltese producers to fulfill local demand and reduce dependency on imports, given the rising need for fresh, high-quality food in the area. Cucumbers are a popular option among customers since they can be utilized in a broad variety of dishes. They have a low-calorie count, and a high water content, and are nutritional powerhouses thanks to their abundance of essential vitamins and minerals.

Cucumbers are a popular vegetable in Maltese cuisine, appearing in staples like "bigilla" and "ftira." It's a mainstay in Mediterranean salads and sandwiches, and it's used in many other dishes as well. Since hydroponic cucumber farming in Malta offers producers a sustainable and lucrative alternative for vegetable production while also satisfying local demand for fresh, high-quality cucumbers, it has important economic and social ramifications. To encourage long-term, financially rewarding production of hydroponically grown cucumbers in Malta, this initiative seeks to equip producers with a detailed crop management plan including everything from seed selection to post-harvest processing.

Market Share

The demand for fresh and high-quality cucumbers has been on the rise, making the Mediterranean area a potentially lucrative market. While traditionally cucumbers have been grown on soil, the advent of hydroponic production has opened up a new avenue for farmers.

In 2020, it was predicted that Malta will produce over 33,000 tonnes of fresh vegetables, a large chunk of which would be cucumbers. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food, and Animal Rights predicted that in 2020 Malta will harvest 2,619 metric tonnes of cucumbers (Nikolaou et al, 2021). This is indicative of the large percentage of the Maltese agricultural market that cucumbers command.

Cucumbers are in great demand, and hydroponic cultivation offers farmers a chance to expand their business and provide consumers with the products they want. Growers may benefit financially from switching to hydroponic cultivation of cucumbers because of the greater yields and higher quality that may be achieved compared to conventional soil-based farming.

Hydroponic production's rising profile in the Mediterranean area is indicative of the market share gains it may bring to farmers. Hydroponic production's regulated atmosphere improves crop yields and quality, as does the cucumbers it produces. Growers' bottom lines may also benefit from hydroponic production because of the reduced waste and increased efficiency with which it uses water and fertilizer.

Cucumbers have a sizable percentage of the Mediterranean region's market, and the demand for fresh, high-quality cucumbers has been on the rise. Producing more cucumbers of superior quality with hydroponic means gives farmers a leg up on the competition over those who stick to the tried-and-true soil approach. Hydroponic production's rising profile suggests it will play an ever-increasing role in Malta's agricultural sector.

Literature Review

Hydroponic Cucumber Cultivation in the Mediterranean:

One of the most common vegetables grown in the Mediterranean area, cucumbers are in great demand both domestically and abroad due to their widespread cultivation. The cultivation of cucumbers has historically included the use of agricultural techniques that involve the use of soil; however, in recent years, hydroponic production has gained favor owing to the numerous benefits that it offers. Growing cucumbers hydroponically entails cultivating the crop in a nutrient-rich solution rather than soil. This may be accomplished using a variety of hydroponic techniques and systems, including the nutrient film technique (NFT), deep water culture (DWC), and rock wool substrate.

A research that was carried out in Greece by Katsoulas et al. (2018) investigated the performance of cucumbers that were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse by using NFT. The research indicated that soil-based agricultural techniques resulted in lower yields and worse quality cucumbers when compared to hydroponic production, which resulted in greater yields and higher quality cucumbers (Katsoulas et al, 2018). Greater control over the growing environment, such as the pH and nutrient levels of the solution, which optimized plant growth and development, was cited as the reason for the increased yields. The lack of soil-borne illnesses and pests, which are common problems for crops grown in the ground, contributed to the higher quality of the cucumbers.

Toma et al. (2017) carried out yet another research in Egypt in which they compared the results of growing cucumbers in soil with growing them hydroponically while using rock wool as the substrate. According to the findings of the research, in comparison to agricultural techniques that rely on soil, hydroponic agriculture results in greater yields, improved fruit quality, and more effective use of water and fertilizer. The increased yields were ascribed to improved nutrient absorption by the plants and better control over the growing environment. The lack of soil-borne pests and illnesses was a contributing factor to the improvement in fruit quality. Because the nutrient solution in the hydroponic system is recirculated, there is much less wasted water and fertilizer as a result of the system. This results in the more effective use of both resources.

In addition to these benefits, growing cucumbers hydroponically has further advantages over conventional agricultural techniques that include the use of soil. For instance, hydroponic systems may be established in metropolitan areas, even though there is a scarcity of land and the surrounding environment may not be conducive to farming based on soil. Hydroponic farming also enables the production of cucumbers throughout the year, regardless of the season, since the growing environment can be adjusted to optimize plant growth and development. This allows for the year-round production of cucumbers. In addition, in comparison to conventional farming techniques, hydroponic production calls for far less water and fertilizer, which enables it to be more sustainable and less harmful to the environment.

Cucumbers may be grown hydroponically, although this method is not without its difficulties. It is essential to maintain the correct pH and nutrient levels in the nutrition solution in order to prevent nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, both of which may have a negative impact on the growth and development of the plant. Even with hydroponic systems, soil-borne pests, and diseases have the potential to cause damage to the crop. Therefore, effective pest and disease control is essential. Because it involves specialized equipment and a level of expertise that not all growers possess, the expense of installing and maintaining a hydroponic system may be another obstacle for some cultivators.

In conclusion, the production of cucumbers by hydroponic techniques offers numerous benefits over conventional farming methods that are based on the use of soil. These advantages include greater yields, crops of higher quality, and more effective use of resources. Nonetheless, it is not without its difficulties, such as the need for effective fertilizer and pest control, and it may be expensive to put up and keep up. Growers in the Mediterranean area may find that hydroponic cucumber production is a feasible and lucrative choice for their operations if they take the time to properly plan and manage their operations.

Picking the Right Cucumber Varieties for Hydroponic Growing:

Because various cultivars of cucumbers may have widely varying levels of success when grown in hydroponic environments, cultivar choice is an essential component of hydroponic cucumber production. When choosing a cultivar for hydroponic cultivation, some important considerations are crop productivity, fruit quality, resistance to disease, and growth characteristics.

In a study that was carried out in Morocco by Bouhmouch et al. (2016), the researchers investigated the performance of three different cultivars of cucumbers grown hydroponically using the nutrient film method (NFT). The cultivars in question were Poinsett 76, Marketmore 76, and Beit Alpha (Bouhmouch et al, 2016). According to the findings of the research, the Poinsett 76 cultivar generated larger yields and had superior overall fruit quality than any of the other varieties. The scientists explained this phenomenon by pointing to the cultivar's robust development and great resistance to the challenges posed by the environment.

Poinsett 76, Marketmore 76, Straight Eight, Suyo Long, Armenian, and Diva were the six cultivars of cucumber that were examined in another research that was carried out in the United States by Le Strange et al. (2018). The purpose of this study was to assess how well these cultivars performed in hydroponic production utilizing deep water culture (DWC). According to the findings of the research, the cultivars Poinsett 76 and Marketmore 76 performed the best, with larger yields and superior fruit quality in comparison to the other cultivars (Le Strange et al, 2018). The authors noticed that Poinsett 76 had a more compact growth habit and produced more uniform fruit, but Marketmore 76 had longer fruit and a better total yield. Both of these traits were present in Marketmore 76.

There have also been other studies that have investigated the performance of several cucumber cultivars when grown in hydroponic environments. For instance, Toma et al. (2017) carried out research in Egypt to investigate the effects of rock wool substrate on the growth of three different cultivars—Sakura, Super Dominus, and Taurus—during hydroponic production. According to the findings of the research, Sakura had the largest fruit output and the best fruit quality when compared to the other cultivars, but Taurus had the lowest fruit yield.

When choosing a cucumber cultivar for hydroponic production, it is vital to take into consideration not only the yield but also the quality of the fruit as well as the disease resistance of the cultivar. Certain cultivars may be more resistant to certain illnesses than others; this may assist cut down on the number of pesticides needed and protect crops from being destroyed. For instance, Fridman et al. (2015) found that the cultivar Diva has a high resistance to powdery mildew, which is a prevalent disease in cucumber cultivation.

When choosing for hydroponic production, it is also vital to take into consideration the growth characteristics of the many cultivars that are available. Some cultivars may have a growth habit that's more compact, which may be beneficial in environments with restricted space. Some others may have a growth habit that is more vining, which may need more trellising and support.

In conclusion, the selection of a cultivar is one of the most important factors that might affect the success of hydroponic cucumber production. When choosing a cultivar for hydroponic cultivation, some important considerations are crop productivity, fruit quality, resistance to disease, and growth characteristics. It has been shown that the cultivars Poinsett 76 and Marketmore 76 perform very well in hydroponic systems that make use of both NFT and DWC. When choosing a cultivar, it is essential, however, to take into account the particular requirements and parameters of the particular hydroponic system in question.

Hydroponic Cucumber Farming: Nutrient Management

Hydroponic cucumbers need precise nutrition control for the best plant growth, productivity, and fruit quality. Hydroponic systems provide plant food in the form of nutrient solutions that include both macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium and micronutrients like iron, zinc, and manganese.

Excessive or inadequate nutrient input may result in decreased yields, poor fruit quality, and plant stress; thus, the nutrient solution must be carefully calibrated to fulfill the unique demands of the plant at various development stages. Therefore, the hydroponic system, cultivar, and environmental variables should all be considered when developing a plan for nutrition management.

Hydroponic cucumbers were tested for their responsiveness to various nutrient solutions in research by Khoshbakht et al. (2017) in Iran. In this experiment, we compared a control treatment with no additional nutrients to two nutrient solutions with varying quantities of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). The findings revealed that a nutrient solution containing 70% of the appropriate dosage of nitrogen produced greater fruit output and better fruit quality than a nutrient solution containing 100% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (Khoshbakht et al, 2017). The scientists concluded that this was because of the deleterious impact that too much nitrogen had on the dry matter content and flavor of the fruit.

Similar results were reported for potassium concentration; the research indicated that the nutrient solution with 50% of the prescribed dosage of potassium resulted in greater yields and better fruit quality compared to the nutrient solution with 100% of the recommended dose of potassium. According to the study's authors, too much potassium may stunt plant development and lower fruit quality by disrupting the balance of other minerals.

The results of several nitrogen management systems on hydroponic cucumber production were analyzed in a separate Israeli research by Raviv et al. (2016). The research contrasted three nutrient management approaches: the standard approach, in which a constant nutrient solution was used; the dynamic approach, in which the nutrient solution was modified depending on plant need; and the control treatment, in which no nutrients were provided. Compared to the traditional technique and the control treatment, the findings demonstrated that the dynamic nutrient management strategy resulted in greater yields and improved fruit quality. The drainage solution's electrical conductivity and pH levels were used as feedback mechanisms, and the dynamic approach adapted the nutrient solution accordingly (Raviv et al, 2016). The study's authors found that efficient nutrient usage might be increased and environmental contamination mitigated via the use of dynamic nutrient management practices.

Hydroponic cucumber production is sensitive to a wide range of environmental conditions, including pH, temperature, and light intensity, all of which may have an impact on nutrient intake and plant development. Hydroponic cucumbers, for instance, were studied in Italy by Massa et al. (2017), who looked at how various light spectra affected their growth. The research concluded that red and blue LED light spectra were the most effective in promoting plant growth and productivity. Red and blue light have high photosynthetic efficiency, meaning they promote plant growth and food intake.

In conclusion, hydroponic cucumber cultivation relies heavily on careful nutrient control. Hydroponic systems, cultivars, and environmental factors all need unique approaches to nutrient management to provide optimal development conditions for plants. Dynamic nutrient management is a method for maximizing plant growth and productivity while decreasing the environmental pollution.

Controlling Pests and Diseases in Hydroponic Cucumber Growing:

Hydroponic cucumber productivity and quality are very sensitive to improper pest and disease control. The absence of soil in hydroponic systems reduces the risk of pests and illnesses, however, these dangers are not eliminated. Hydroponic cucumbers need good pest and disease control for maximum yield.

Natural enemies of pests and diseases, known as biocontrol agents, are one of the most promising pest management solutions in hydroponics. The effectiveness of several biocontrol agents against pests and illnesses in hydroponic cucumber production was assessed in research by El-Desouky et al. (2019) in Egypt. Trichoderma harzianum, a biocontrol agent, was shown to significantly reduce illness incidence and severity, according to the research. The prevalent fungal disease Fusarium oxysporum in cucumber production may be inhibited by using the beneficial soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis (El-Desouky et al, 2019). This research shows that biocontrol agents have great potential for preventing and treating pests and illnesses in hydroponic cucumber cultivation.

In addition to mechanical pest control, chemical insecticides are often utilized in hydroponic systems. The efficacy of several fungicides in preventing powdery mildew in hydroponic cucumber cultivation was assessed in research by Khodary et al. (2018) in Egypt. According to the research, "Folpan 80 WDG" is the best fungicide for preventing powdery mildew in hydroponic cucumbers (Khodary et al, 2018). Chemical pesticides may be effective in controlling pest populations, but they also pose risks to human health, the environment, and beneficial insects and microbial ecosystems. Chemical insecticides should be used sparingly and only when required.

Disease control is just as important as pest management while growing cucumbers hydroponically. Powdery mildew and downy mildew are only two of the many fungal infections that may severely reduce production and lower quality. Lee et al. (2019) Korea looked studied the effectiveness of various UV-C dosages in preventing powdery mildew in hydroponic cucumber cultivation. Results showed that powdery mildew occurrence and severity were significantly reduced when UV-C irradiation was applied. Cucumber production and quality both improved with the addition of UV-C irradiation. This research demonstrates the promise of alternative strategies, such as UV-C irradiation, for the control of fungal infections in hydroponic cucumber cultivation.

In conclusion, controlling pests and diseases is essential for successful hydroponic cucumber cultivation. Hydroponic cucumbers may be protected against pests and illnesses with the use of biocontrol agents, chemical insecticides, and non-chemical means like UV-C irradiation. However, these methods must be used with caution and in concert with one another to maximize agricultural output while minimizing environmental damage.

Marketing Plan

Hydroponic cucumber production, like any other company, requires a well-thought-out marketing strategy. The following is a Mediterranean-focused marketing strategy for hydroponic cucumbers:

1. Markets such as grocery shops, restaurants, and farmers' markets are where hydroponic cucumbers will most likely find buyers. Hydroponic cucumbers may provide a competitive advantage for these firms by meeting their constant need for fresh, high-quality veggies.
2. Create a distinct name, logo, and package design for the hydroponic cucumbers as part of the branding process. This will make the product more noticeable to potential buyers.
3. Market your product or service using traditional and online advertising, social media, and word-of-mouth. Advertisements may reach more people when published in print media as well as online. In addition to word of mouth from delighted consumers, social media may be utilized to establish a web presence and disseminate product updates.
4. Research the market to find out how much you should charge for your hydroponic cucumbers. The price structure should be profitable for the company while yet being competitive with comparable items on the market.
5. Distribution: Set up reliable distribution methods to bring your hydroponic cucumbers to your customers quickly. To do so, you may form relationships with grocery shops, restaurants, and farmers' markets in your area.
6. Take care of your consumers and make sure they're happy with the stuff you've provided. Be quick to address client concerns and incorporate their suggestions into future iterations of the product.
7. Hydroponic cucumber cultivation has several environmental advantages, including less need for water, fertilizer, and land, as well as fewer pesticides. Promo materials might stress this to win over eco-conscious customers.

To sum up, the success of hydroponic cucumber cultivation in the Mediterranean area depends heavily on a well-thought-out marketing strategy. Hydroponic cucumbers may build a significant presence in the market and fulfill the rising demand for fresh, high-quality veggies by focusing on the proper market, developing a strong brand, and using efficient advertising strategies.

Management Plan

Choosing Crop and Purchases:

Step one in crop management is deciding what kind of plant to grow and then buying all the supplies you'll need. The literature evaluation indicates that "Poinsett 76" is a good cultivar for growing cucumbers hydroponically in the Mediterranean. So, we'll be buying "Poinsett 76" seeds from a reliable vendor.

A greenhouse, fertilizer solutions, growth medium, irrigation and lighting systems, and pest and disease control equipment are all required for hydroponic cucumber production. The greenhouse needs a temperature and humidity control system to ensure successful cucumber cultivation.

List of Top 3-5 Rest Challenges:

Hydroponic cucumber cultivation in the Mediterranean area has significant hurdles, including pest and disease management, fertilizer management, and temperature control. Effective crop management techniques will be used to lessen the severity of these problems.

Propagation Phase:

Seeds germinate and develop into seedlings during the propagation phase. A propagation tray with a growth media like rock wool will be used to propagate "Poinsett 76" seeds. Until they sprout, the seeds will be stored in a dark, moist environment with a lot of humidity. The seeds will be planted in a grow tray and given nutrition solution as they begin to sprout.

Growing Phase:

Cucumber plants go through a series of stages as they develop into full maturity throughout the growing season. Hydroponic nutrient film technology (NFT) is used to cultivate cucumber plants. Micronutrients including iron, zinc, and manganese will be delivered in addition to the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. The fertilizer solution will be tested regularly to make sure the plants are getting what they need. The plants will have access to sufficient sunlight and climatic control to ensure optimum growth.

Harvest Phase:

Cucumbers that are ready to be picked are harvested at this stage. When cucumbers have reached their full size and firmness, they will be picked. To harvest cucumbers, a sharp knife will be used to sever them from the vine. The surviving vegetation shall be protected at all costs.

Post-Harvest Phase:

The post-harvest stage is where the cucumbers are cared for and stored. Cucumbers will be washed, then sized and graded. Cucumbers will be kept in airtight containers or plastic bags in a refrigerator to keep them crisp. To keep the greenhouse free of pests and illnesses, it will be disinfected and cleaned regularly.

Greenhouse Post & Prep:

After harvesting has concluded, the greenhouse will be cleaned and readied for the next growing season. The irrigation and lighting systems will be inspected for wear and tear, and the growth medium and fertilizer solution will be changed if necessary. The equipment for controlling pests and diseases will be evaluated, and any supplies depleted will be replaced.

In conclusion, good crop management practices are crucial to the success of hydroponic cucumber production in the Mediterranean area. Growers may improve their crop yields and quality by adopting a crop management strategy that takes into account the difficulties of dealing with pests and diseases, managing nutrients, and regulating the weather.

Practical Procedures and Decisions

Picking the right cultivar is one of the most important steps in growing cucumbers hydroponically. The production, quality, and disease resistance of a crop may be greatly affected by the cultivar chosen. Even though "Poinsett 76" has been demonstrated to do well in hydroponic cultivation, other cultivars like "Marketmore 76" and "Telegraph Improved" have also shown promising results.

The fertilizer management strategy is another critical factor to consider while growing cucumbers hydroponically. Throughout the plant's development cycle, it is crucial to provide it with an adequate quantity and balance of nutrients (Embabya et al, 2019). This necessitates maintaining a consistent schedule of nutritional solution testing and tweaking. Watering and fertilizing regularly is also essential to prevent nutritional deficits or excesses.

Hydroponic cucumbers also need careful attention to the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases. Maintaining a pest- and disease-free growth environment and performing routine inspections of the plants are critical preventive actions. If found, biocontrol agents or fungicides should be used immediately to combat the problem.

The propagation stage, from a practical standpoint, is when you start the plants from seed or use seedlings. It is crucial to check if the seeds or seedlings are healthy and of good quality. In the growth phase, you provide your plants with the best conditions possible by giving them the right temperature, humidity, light, and fertilizer solution (Kowalczyk et al, 2020). It is essential to keep a close eye on the plants to detect any symptoms of stress, nutritional deficits, or insect and disease infestations.

Picking the ripe cucumbers at the right moment and gently handling them to prevent harm is essential throughout the harvest phase. Post-harvest processes for cucumbers include washing, sorting, packaging, and shipping.

Hydroponic cucumber cultivation also requires constant attention to the greenhouse in which they are grown. This involves keeping the greenhouse clean and sterile regularly, keeping the temperature and humidity at ideal levels, and making sure there is enough ventilation and circulation.

In conclusion, growing cucumbers hydroponically requires meticulous pre- and post-harvest planning and decision-making. In order to guarantee a good harvest, it is crucial to keep a close eye on the plants and make necessary adjustments to fertilizer and pest control strategies.

Discussion/conclusion

While there are many advantages to growing cucumbers hydroponically in the Mediterranean, rather than in the soil, producers still need to make a few key choices to guarantee their crop does well.

Growers also have the option of selecting a different growing system as a primary decision. Drip irrigation, aeroponics, and vertical farming are some of the alternatives to the nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep water culture (DWC) that are worth considering (Kowalczyk et al, 2020). Growers need to think about aspects including available space, budget, and desired yield before settling on a particular system.

The selection of a cultivar is another crucial step. While "Poinsett 76" and "Marketmore 76" are two cultivars that have been demonstrated to do well in hydroponic cultivation, there are others that may be more appropriate for your environment and objectives(Embabya et al, 2019). Before settling on a particular cultivar, growers should do extensive research on its disease resistance, yield potential, and fruit quality.

Hydroponic cucumber cultivation also relies heavily on careful nutrient control. Growers must keep a close eye on nutrient levels and make adjustments as required to prevent deficiencies or excesses that may severely affect crop development and health, even if studies suggest that a lower concentration of nitrogen and potassium might result in greater yields and better fruit quality.

Even with hydroponic systems, pests and diseases carried by the soil may damage the crop, therefore proper pest and disease control is crucial. Although biocontrol chemicals and fungicides are useful tools for preventing pests and diseases, producers need also to take preventative measures including crop rotation and good cleanliness.

In conclusion, producers in the Mediterranean area have a rare chance to capitalize on burgeoning demand for fresh and high-quality products via the hydroponic cultivation of cucumbers. To be successful, though, you need to give a lot of thought to and make decisions about things like your growing system, cultivar choices, nutrition management, and pest and disease control. Growers may reap the advantages of hydroponic production, both in terms of yield and sustainability, if they keep up with the latest research and adopt best practices.

References

Bouhmouch, I., El Omari, N., Hafidi, M., & Wahbi, S. (2016). Performance evaluation of three cucumber cultivars grown in nutrient film technique under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 18(1), 21-25.

El-Desouky, W., Abdel-Motaal, F., & El-Hamamsy, S. (2019). Efficiency of some bioagents in controlling wilt and root rot diseases of cucumber in hydroponics. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 59(4), 427-433.

Khodary, S., El-Badawy, H., El-Mohamedy, R., & Naguib, D. (2018). Efficacy of some fungicides and bio-fungicides in controlling powdery mildew of cucumber under protected cultivation. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 58(4), 336-342.

Khoshbakht, K., Asgharipour, M., & Mohammadi, M. (2017). Effect of different nutrient solutions on yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown hydroponically. Scientia Horticulturae, 218, 1-6.

Katsoulas, N., Sylaios, G., Iliopoulos, G., & Kittas, C. (2018). Comparative study of hydroponic versus soil grown cucumbers under greenhouse conditions. Water, 10(8), 1016.

Le Strange, M., Kleinhenz, M. D., & Hurd, B. H. (2018). Evaluation of cucumber cultivars for hydroponic production using deep water culture in a tropical environment. HortTechnology, 28(6), 707-716.

Raviv, M., Lieth, J. H., & Coelho, L. (2016). The significance of nutrient management in soilless culture. In Soilless culture: Theory and practice (pp. 149-191). Elsevier.

Nikolaou, G., Neocleous, D., Christou, A., Polycarpou, P., Kitta, E., & Katsoulas, N. (2021). Energy and Water Related Parameters in Tomato and Cucumber Greenhouse Crops in Semiarid Mediterranean Regions. A Review, Part II: Irrigation and Fertigation. Horticulturae, 7(12), 548.

Nikolaou, G., Neocleous, D., Katsoulas, N., & Kittas, C. (2018). Dynamic assessment of whitewash shading and evaporative cooling on the greenhouse microclimate and cucumber growth in a Mediterranean climate. Ital. J. Agrometeorol, 2, 15-26.

Embabya, Z. A. M. E., Rushdib, M. A., & Abd El Mowlaa, K. E. S. (2019). Yield Optimization for Organic Greenhouse Cucumber Production. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 13(3), 1-9.

Kowalczyk, K., Olewnicki, D., Mirgos, M., & Gajc-Wolska, J. (2020). Comparison of selected costs in greenhouse cucumber production with LED and HPS supplemental assimilation lighting. Agronomy, 10(9), 1342.

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