Analyzing on Impact of Covid-19 on UK Schizophrenia Patients Report Answer

Introduction

Infectious diseases and long-term health conditions are two major public health issues. It can affect the socioeconomic condition of a country and the physical and mental well-being of people. Infectious diseases can cause poverty, economic recession and other devastating conditions in a country. This affects socio-cultural balance, which has been observed in the UK and other countries as well. Long-term health issues affect the psychological and physical well-being of people. Schizophrenia is one of the long-term issues which affects the mental health of people. Schizophrenia is a serious mental health issue when people interpret reality with abnormality. In this report, the impact of long-term disease and infectious disease has been described. It will show the prevalence and cause of Covid-19 and Schizophrenia among mental health people in the UK. The intervention which has been taken by the UK government will be shown. The public health issues have been accounted for in this report to visualise the actual picture of health policies in the UK.      

Covid-19 as an Infectious Disease And Public Health Issue   

Covid-19 is an infectious disease that has become prevalent all over the world, including the UK. It has been estimated that from 3rd January 2020 to 3rd May 2023, there are 24,581,706 confirmed cases of Covid-19 (Office for National Statistics, 2023). On the other hand, the UK suffered from infectious diseases, and the trends were uncertain in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland as well. The overall hospital and care home admission rate for Covid-19 is 11 per 100,000 people in 2023 (UK Health Security Agency, 2022). It has been reported till March, people accounted for 4.5% of death due to Covid-19. The death rate is high in England compared to other states of the UK (World Health Organisation, 2023). 1 in 3 people in the UK was affected by this infectious disease. The situation was uncertain and created challenges among mental health patients in the UK. The prevalence rate of mental health issues has increased by 30% (Jia et al., 2020).

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Figure 1: Country comparison of Covid-19 (UK in second)

Covid-19 is a severe health issue all over the world. The risk factor was high for people aged 70 years or above. Heath practitioners in the UK defined that people with a severe lung condition have a high risk (Office for National Statistics, 2023). For example, Covid-19 was more prevalent among people with severe asthma, “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (Robinson et al., 2022). It has been estimated that 8.1% of women and young adults become affected due to mental health issues during the Covid-19 pandemic (Tracy et al., 2020). Hence, mental health patients in the UK have become more vulnerable groups in this situation. The situation deepened the healthcare services gap for mental health patients. (Byrne et al., 2021). “Global Burden of Disease” (GBD) reveals 1 in 5 people have long-term health issues, which is increasing the cause of Covid-19 in the UK, where mental health patients have become more vulnerable (Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2023).                           

There have been several indirect and direct health impacts caused by Covid-19 in the UK. Domestic abuses increased in the UK due to the lockdown, which was more prevalent for mental health patients (Bhavsar et al., 2021). 846,235 cases of domestic abuse have been reported in the UK in 2021 (Department of Health & Social Care, 2022). People were suffering from mental health issues. The employment rate went down, which gave rise to stress, anxiety and depression and led to an increase in the percentage of mental health patients (Office for National Statistics, 2022). Mental health patients residing in care homes and mental health wards in the UK were unable to see their family and friends. This led to increased mental health challenges (Giebel et al., 2021). In addition to this, the suicide rate among mental health patients has increased by 21%. A decline in the work activity of community workers has been noticed which has been defined as a major public health issue (West et al., 2021).   

Schizophrenia: A Long-term Mental Health Issue

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Figure 2: Schizophrenia in the UK in 2016

Schizophrenia is a long-term mental health problem that has a range of psychological symptoms. It has been described as a “type of psychosis” in which people are unable to distinguish reality and their own thoughts (Kirakosyan & Frolova, 2022).  In additon to this, 1 in 100 people in the UK suffers from Schizophrenia at a certain age in their life (World Health Organisation, 2022). It has been reported by “National Health Services” (NHS) that 220,000 people are treated for Schizophrenia in the UK (Living With Schizophrenia, 2017). It generally strikes in the late teenage or in the early 20s. Schizophrenia can occur genetically (Smith et al., 2019). It can be caused by the external environment, which affects the mental health of a person. For example, traumatised childhood, domestic violence, and lack of care at an early age are the major reason for mental health issues (Turkia, 2022). Evidence has been found that people who use street drugs and cannabis are more likely to suffer from this long-term mental health issue (Khokhar et al., 2018).           

Schizophrenia is considered a severe mental health issue in the UK. There are different symptoms of Schizophrenia, including hallucinations (hearing voices), delusion (strong beliefs which others may find irrational) and speech problems (Edwards & Kotera, 2021).  In addition, sometimes, people suffering from such a mental health issue might lose interest in their work. Furthermore, they might exhibit social awkwardness and have trouble expressing their thoughts appropriately (Siregar et al., 2021). It has been reported that currently there are 13% of people in the UK are living with this long-term mental health problem (NHS, 2023). Schizophrenia has been considered as a public health issue because it causes socio-physical hindrances and has been found to increase the suicide rate among people. People with Schizophrenia die 10 to 20 years earlier on average (Sher & Kahn, 2019).         

Impact of Covid-19 on Mental Health Patients and Services in The UK

Covid-19 is a public health issue because it affects social and economic balance. Due to the alpha wave, an impact has been noticed in the workforce of mental healthcare services. It affected the services of 24-hour care services and critical care services for people suffering from mental health issues (Vindrola et al., 2020). People with other long-term health issues like COPD or CVD were facing difficulties. People with severe mental health challenges were facing long-term impacts, including neuropsychiatric manifestations (Fisher et al., 2021). It has been estimated that around 1.6 million people were still suffering from acute Covid-19 in April 2022 in the UK alone (Office for National Statistics, 2022). It had a severe impact on mental health services and critical care capacity. There was a scarcity of mental health hospitals, mental health wards, and care home residences where staff absence caused more issues (Moreno et al., 2020).  On the other hand, people who recovered from Covid-19 were suffering from lung problems afterwards. Thus, it also affected the physical health of people (Zhan et al., 2021). 

Covid-19 was affecting the psychological health of people. It created a situation of uncertainty which was the reason for stress, anxiety, insomnia and other long-term mental health. People encountered a lower level of satisfaction with life due to the lockdown and uncertain situations in the UK (Pieh et al., 2021). Mental health issues have become more prevalent among the age group of 60 and above (World Health Organisation, 2023). A decline in mental health well-being has been observed among people in the UK. People were facing business and job uncertainty, creating mental health issues (Burton et al., 2021). It has been investigated from the meta-analysis that mental health issues increased from 18.9% to 27.3% during the pandemic in the UK (Leung et al., 2022). Furthermore, the prevalence of mental health conditions like anxiety, stress and depression among young adults in the UK was as high as 55% during the pandemic (Owens et al., 2022). Hence, it was creating mental health challenges and can be identified as a mental health issue.  

Covid-19 was creating socio-economic issues as well, which was the reason for job scarcity. For instance, business disruption has been faced by SMEs and international businesses. Economic and employment rates have declined in the UK. It affected their performance, productivity and profit margin as well (Papadopoulos et al., 2022). It has been reported that o people became economically inactive due to environmental conditions and physical or mental illness. Domestic abuse rates increased due to lockdowns (Emerson et al., 2021). Domestic abuse and bullying increased for people with mental health issues (Catling et al., 2022). Thus, Covid-19 was a threat to sociocultural and economic balance in the UK.               

Impact of Schizophrenia on Mental Health Patients in the UK

Schizophrenia is a public health problem because it is a mental health issue that can affect daily life and the proceedings of people the UK government is concerned about mental health challenges among people. The prevalence of Schizophrenia is low in the UK, and it is prevalent among 1 in 100 people (Carr et al., 2021). In other words, 0.7% of people in the UK are suffering from Schizophrenia. Mental health issues among the UK population are high, but there are fewer Schizophrenic patients (House of Commons Library, 2023). People with Schizophrenia are expected to have physical imbalances as well. A lack of care and drug intake affects their nervous system and creates physical problems (Kinderman et al., 2021). It has been considered a public health issue because it has a risk of premature mortality. The average potential mortality age of Schizophrenic patients is 29 years. People are encountered co-occurring physical illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes and liver disease (Chan et al., 2022).

Schizophrenia affects the mental health of people severely and increases suicide rates. Mental health disorders are prevalent among Schizophrenia patients, and they lose productivity  (Senio et al., 2020). People suffering from mental health issues require social services to mitigate these challenges. Academic and professional performance is affected due to Schizophrenia. It reduces thinking ability, and people face difficulty in managing their social relationships (Antonova et al., 2021). On the other hand, sometimes, they face issues with social bullying. From a developmental perspective, Schizophrenia is the reason for disruptions. Thus, it affects mental and social balance, which has been mitigated by different government interventions (Shah et al., 2020).               

The UK health policies have been implemented to mitigate the risk of Covid-19. According to “The Scientific Advisory Group of Emergencies” (SAGE), Covid-19 have a severe impact on the UK and created social-demographic challenges among people (Office of National Statistics, 2022). The UK government imposed a lockdown in the UK to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Funding was given for vaccination it enables a safe and gradual removal of Covid-19. The government has taken the approach with the collaboration of NHS and different health transactions in the UK. It has been reported that on September 2021, 84% of people in the UK were vaccinated with the first dose, and 77% completed their second dose (gov. UK, 2022). The UK was the first G20 county that vaccinated 50% of its population and experienced a speedy recovery (Cabinet Office, 2023). Principle 4 of the mental health policies of the United Nations dictates that people with psychological disorders must get equal treatment (United Nations, 2023).

Government Intervention to Prevent Covid-19 in the UK

The UK government was funding different campaigns to mitigate the challenges of Covid-19. For instance, the Hands, Face, Space campaign was a notable effort made by the UK government as a response to the pandemic. The campaign's primary aim was to spread awareness regarding preventive measures that could be taken to prevent the transmission of the coronavirus. The campaign focused on three major aspects, i.e., regular washing of hands, wearing of masks in specific environments and ensuring that social distancing is followed (Department of Health & Social Care, 2020). The campaign was spread widely through various channels of communication and other materials of public information. The campaign played an essential role towards the reinforcement of measures related to the prevention of COVID-19. It also helped in promoting a sense of responsibility among the people in the UK to work together to prevent the spread of the virus.

People who are vulnerable to Covid-19 prediction and mental health disorders were given immunisation advice and targeted testing. Since the vaccination program started, adults of age 18 participated, and 1.5 million adults got their first dose. “the UK Health Security Agency” was running a vaccination and help desk program for any queries, which was supporting people in this critical situation (UK Health Security Agency, 2022).

The government improved “The Heath Protection Regulations 2020”, which increased legal duty. The responsibility was given to local authorities to the scrutiny of people who are facing any difficulties. The UK campaigns have become more successful in creating social awareness during Covid-19 (West et al., 2021). Besides supporting people with vaccination, the government of the UK supported mental health services by launching an effective campaign. It helped them to mitigate public health issues and provide services to people suffering from mental health issues. Support and cooperation were given to people with disability (Bonell et al., 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the Care Quality Commission to hire Ipsos MORI to survey patients who were admitted to hospitals for inpatient care in March, April, and May 2020. This was the peak of the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in England. (Care Quality Commission, 2022). “The Coronavirus Act 2020” was implemented by the UK government. The act gave the government the freedom to restrict or ban public gatherings, detain people believed to have COVID-19 and intervene or relax rules in a variety of fields to stop the spread of the disease, lessen the strain on public health services, and help those who are economically impacted and in the medical field (Department of Health & Social Care, 2023).              

Government Intervention For the Management of Schizophrenia in The UK

The UK health policies have been applied to manage Schizophrenia.  For instance, “Every mind matters” is a campaign imposed with the collaboration of the UK government, NHS and community workers. The campaign was formed to ensure that services are available for people with mental health issues. The aim of this program is to provide people with appropriate skills and the confidence to deal with their own and support the mental health problems of others, suggesting suitable measures at the time of need (Mental Health Foundation, 2023).  Additionally, therapy and medicines for Schizophrenia have been given by “Community Mental Health Teams” (CMHT). It also provides access to caregivers, social workers, community workers, occupational therapists, psychiatrists, counsellors and pharmacists. Intervention teams are available in the UK that guide Schizophrenic people with different stages of treatment (Greater Manchester Mental Health, 2023). For pateints suffering from schizophrenia, CRHT teams have been developed. These are rapid-response teams that provide intensive assistance and treatment to individuals experiencing acute or severe schizophrenic episodes. The goal of the CRHT team is to manage crises in the community and avoid unnecessary hospitalisations (NHS, 2023).

“Mental Health Act 2007” has been implemented by the UK government, which helped people to make help from care groups. Advanced statements are given to Schizophrenic patients, which have given clear guidelines for different episodes of this long-term health issue. A written guideline is served, which helps to signify acute Schizophrenia episodes. The statements help take interventions or help from care groups or community workers (NHS, 2023). These statements are legally bound, following which professionals can act in their best interests and help their patients to manage long-term health challenges. It gives rise to a crisis management plan which is required to provide antipsychotics. It will help people to reduce feelings of anxiety, stress and depression (Tracy et al., 2020).   

Implications and Further Needs            

Local CCGs in England anticipate spending £13.29 billion on mental health, learning disability, and dementia services in 2022–2023. This amounts to 13.8% of the overall budget for health services provided by CCGs (House of Commons Library, 2023). An additional £2.26 billion will be spent by NHS England, for a total of £15.55 billion, on specialised commissioning for mental health services. From £12.0 billion in 2017–18, this amount has increased (House of Commons Library, 2023). The government should raise a campaign for Schizophrenic patients or people who have risk factors for effective management and delaying the onset of this condition. (San et al., 2021). The campaigns should be posted on social media to maximise reach and help target audiences effectively. Social media campaigns help them to monitor and track change within society which is required to remove sociodemographic challenges successfully.

Challenges Faced by The UK Government And Care Worker

The challenges of Covid-19 created a new episode in the UK that taught people and the government about crisis management plans (Sharp et al., 2021). However, a crisis management campaign was initiated by social workers in the UK with the help of the government to reach services for people with mental health issues. It prevented society and the government from the severity of mental health issues. It also helped mitigate early mortality challenges among young adults (Dominelli, 2021).   Social workers have had to quickly and thoroughly adjust to the health, social, and economic components of the Covid-19 dilemma as they deal with hitherto unheard-of scenarios (British Association of Social Workers, 2023).

With some advice from the central government, local authorities, health and social care trusts, and other employing and leading organisations in the UK have largely formed the social work approach. Throughout, social workers have been deemed crucial employees. Gaps in both general national pandemic preparedness and knowledge of the obligations placed on social workers in such a disaster were shown by Covid-19 in the UK. There is a fantastic chance to learn from this and make sure that social workers are promoted in public health, national disaster preparedness, and emergency planning (BASW, 2023).

Conclusion            

It has been concluded from the above that Covid-19 has several problems, which it has been signified as a public health problem. On the other hand, Schizophrenia is a mental health challenge that imposes a long-term threat on people. Covid-19 has disrupted the socio-economic balance and poses a threat to mental and physical health challenges. The UK government imposed a lockdown to mitigate the challenges effectively. Besides different health issues, interventions have been provided through the collaboration of heh policymakers. Guidelines were provided to people who were suffering from the pandemic and healthcare workers as well. The UK government successfully and safely mitigated the challenges which were necessary to back to a new life.

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