Primary Health Care Systems Assessment Answer

Primary Health Care

The public health interventions which are adopted for primary health care are divided into four levels. These are primary, secondary, quaternary, and tertiary care. All these care and interventions are highly complex and severe and there are several health challenges which are addressed. The nature of the patient-provider relationship is understood and it will help in providing better treatment. In primary care, the care provided to the people is person-centered and not disease-centered. It addresses most of the health needs throughout the lifetime and it includes mental, social, and physical well-being. Primary care is highly important as it is the first level of care which the patient receives if they need medical concern (Stojanovic et al., 2020). All the needs are taken care of, and it approaches health promotion, treatment, rehabilitation, disease prevention, and palliative care. As the healthcare system is attempted, it is designed to meet the needs of populations who have lived longer and have more complex needs. The health service delivery is then shifted towards the community, there is an increase in the emphasis on primary health care. Continuity of care should be provided, as it is the key characteristic of primary care. Hence, the patient majorly prefers to consult the same routine as the practitioner for preventive care and check-ups. Several elements are the key characteristics of primary care and these are health education, initial consultation, and routine check-up (Pitt et al., 2020).

The second form of care is secondary care, it is the specialist treatment and the support provided by the doctors and other health professionals for the patient. The secondary care service is mainly based on clinics, hospitals, and some services are community-based. There are several planned operations and some specialist clinics like renal or cardiology. Wide range of specialists like cardiologists, dermatologists, obstetricians, pediatricians, and gynecologists. Secondary care is highly important as it will ensure adequate primary care is provided (Besnier et al., 2019).

The next form of care is a tertiary care, it is for highly specialized care and for over an extended period. It also involves some advanced and complex treatments, equipment, or procedure. It is highly useful in some life-threatening conditions and helps in the treatment process. All of these care options are highly useful, all of these are categorized in some element. Some of the common elements of care are emergency care, in which all illness, injuries are immediate and acute attention should be provided (Wang et al., 2020).

In primary care, care is ensured and people receive the best quality of care, along with comprehensive care. The range of care is wide and it covers promotion, prevention, and treatment. Along with it palliative and rehabilitation care is also provided. The major intervention which needs to be followed is carried out at the primary level. Since primary care is the basic level of care hence the interventions which are adopted are also primary level. In the first phase, people should be educated about the health condition, if the people are educated and aware of the health condition, it will help them to adopt better and early interventions. This assists in providing the best care and patients' health is improved. One of the other important interventions is behavior changes, in behavior changes people should work towards their unhealthy behavior habits rather than adopt healthy behavior habits (Hanson, S., & Jones, 2017). In several regions of the world, there is a stigma associated with several health conditions, hence, in primary care, this stigma should be removed and taken care of.

Social determinants play an important role in taking care of the health, and it is also essential to determine health. All of these social determinants are highly important. To control any disease condition, interventions, and early diagnosis must be required. These steps will help in the early prevention of any disease as early treatment can be highly useful. Several health promotion strategies are adopted and all these strategies are vital and should be adopted effectively. Social determinants have been known to affect health on several parameters hence, it needs to be taken care of. It will help to address all the health equalities which are present (Shen et al., 2021). This will revitalize primary health care and it takes care of the key approaches which are required. The key approach which is adopted is used to organize society and it helps to reduce the health equities and some major strategy needs to be adopted. Social determinant of health has a great influence on health and it can be a genetic factor or access to health care services. Income and social status play a vital role in determining health. Higher-income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health. Along with it education – low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress, and lower self-confidence (Iyamu et al., 2022).
A very common example is poverty which is highly correlated with poor health outcomes and the presence of a high risk of premature death. The most common important social determinant is income, level of income is highly important and it shapes how the overall living condition is designed. It also affects the psychological condition and function. It also influences all health-related behavior and some important qualities are also taken care of such as smoking, quality of diet, and some physical activity. Poverty limits access to adequate nutrition and healthy food, along with it, shelter and safe neighborhoods are also impacted. It affects the way of learning. In addition to it, the presence of clean water and air is highly important as this will ensure health is maintained and taken care of. Poverty or income level also determines the standard of living and how a person lives life along with the standards which they can maintain (McCrabb et al., 2022).

The major concept of public health is to take care of all the components of health which are maintaining mental, social, and physical well-being. Enjoyment is the most important standard of health and it is the fundamental right of every human. In this, there is no distinction of religion, race, social condition, or political belief. The three major principles of public health are: adequate assessment needs to be done, timely assurance should be provided, and last is policy development. All these components are highly important and these are essential to maintain public health. Majorly there are seven principles and all of these principles are equally important. The seven principles are health maximization, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, beneficence, justice, and autonomy (Iezadi et al., 2021).

The first intervention which has been provided is palliative care, this is also called end-of-life care. It is highly essential and required because, in this, the major emphasis is on providing continuity of care or solidarity care. In this care technique, the patient's values are respected and every kind of response is provided towards social suffering. Special attention is also paid to patients, but also to the family members. When the family members are included in the care plan it speeds up the process of recovery, special attention is paid to the patient, and all their requirements are met. The major purpose of primary care is to work towards enhancing the quality of life and care which has been provided (Sohn et al., 2020).

The next intervention which is adopted is the educational intervention. In this intervention, people or patients are educated about the care steps which need to be adopted. This also helps the patient to become proactive in taking decisions and they will become independent in making their own choice. With the adoption of educational intervention work is done towards reducing stigma towards any medical condition. In addition to it, it also helps to foster a positive attitude towards any illness which is present. It is also based on several levels of education, as to how any illness can be normalised. An intervention is mostly a deliberate process with the help of which change can be introduced in feelings, behavior, and thought. This is a highly important intervention and it helps to get a thorough understanding of the problem which the patient is facing. It also helps people to measure their struggles and then work in the direction to improve them (Cusack et al., 2018).

Another intervention that needs to be adopted is the promotion of several health strategies, these health strategies are essential because they will help in reducing all the health-related complications. A holistic approach should be promoted, and several health interventions need to be adopted to stimulate well-being and health. It is important to maintain adequate nutrition and physical health. Health strategies ensure that people are receiving quality comprehensive care, it ranges from prevention to promotion of treatment, palliative care, and rehabilitation. Equitable distribution is the key element to attaining health. There are several benefits of primary health care and these are: increased access to health services, quality of care is improved, major focus on prevention. In some cases early management of health conditions, need for specialist care is required (Sabooteh et al., 2021).

Specialist care is highly important this will ensure that all the needs are taken care of. It will also ensure that holistic care is provided, in this every segment is taken care of. This type of care is majorly required for old age people or for people who have met some major accident. A primary care physician is highly essential to help people to navigate good health. It also helps to prevent disease as it identifies risk factors. Any chronic disease is managed or coordinated for better quality of life and longevity. The role of a specialist is to manage all aspects of health. It also helps the person to get better and stay healthy when the person is sick. In some cases, if the patient is suffering from a rare disease then specialized care will help to improve it and development is made in that direction. A high level of medical care is required, this medical care ensures that all the assistance which is required should be provided to them (Menegaz et al., 2018).

One of the interventions which is adopted and which needs to be changed is the educational intervention. This intervention is highly effective because it will make the patient independent and hence, effective care can be accessed. Several strategies can be used to make educational intervention effective and more patients can adopt it. Several strategies can be adopted to improve the educational intervention and these are mentioned in the segment below. In several cases, there is a lack of resources due to which adequate care cannot be provided. Resources are present in abundance however, the management of resources should also be learned. When the resources are managed effectively and then adequate care can be provided to the patient and their health and well-being can be improved (Solhi et al., 2020). Several extracurricular activities are present and these need to be adjusted. Some evaluation and assessment tools need to be taken care of, these evaluation methods are highly effective and it needs to be taken care of. The major role of educational intervention is to increase knowledge and work towards maintaining it. It is also aimed to improve the health and well-being of the person. Regular seminars and educational sessions need to be organized to take care of these requirements. The skills of the healthcare worker need to be evaluated. The people who are present should be evaluated effectively and it will help in the evaluation of the assessment and the techniques which are adopted. In several cases it has been mentioned that people are not aware of techniques hence, proper training needs to be provided and then testing of it should be provided (Cusack et al., 2018).

Regular auditing needs to be done, this will help to understand where the health workers are standing and how much more training is required. There are 7 P's of intervention which are necessary and which are helpful. The 7 P's are price, product, packaging, promotion, position, place, and people. All these are developed and steps are adopted to improve behavior. Several social marketing techniques can be adopted to improve the intervention steps which need to be adopted. The people can adopt some effective steps which are present, and these steps are highly useful, they will be able to cover all the aspects which are present and work will be done in the same direction. All the segments need to be evaluated carefully and work should be done targeting every problem which might be present. Group-based learning needs to be present, this learning should be provided based on the group, and requirements are met accordingly. Work should be done towards improving professional knowledge, this will make them highly aware, and effective steps are then adopted (Solhi et al., 2020).

There are several reasons why educational interventions need to be improved and more effective ways needed to be adopted, these all are stated below. With improvement in educational intervention people's understanding about the key concepts which are used to evaluate health intervention will improve. Learning and adapting these interventions helps to reduce fear and also works towards adopting a more realistic approach. In addition to it, it also helps to prevent any attitude from hardening and determine the effect of the intervention on the person. An important intervention will often help to build trust and also the academic needs are understood and acted on (Ohta et al., 2021). Equally, the interventions which are present are safe, nurturing in nature, and have a positive effect on the well-being of the student. Intervention plans are essential as it helps to establish boundaries and work towards them. Other than this, it has also been observed that it helps the family to establish boundaries so it can be reapplied in self-care. Healthcare provider knowledge is also improved and this directly affects the patient care and patient expectation. Several components need to be taken care of like the general and the common guidelines which are present and how they are useful. In addition to it, several healthcare practitioners are also working in this direction to improve well-being. Several assessment drive learnings need to be taken care of, these learnings provide an overview and idea about the work process and how it is carried forward (Wan Rohimi & Mohd Tahir, 2022).

Several ways can be adopted to evaluate the public health interventions which are present. The three most common methods which are adopted are: study the process, impact, and the outcome. In the first step, the public health intervention which is adopted should be studied adequately, when it is studied adequately any problem or disparity which is present can be identified easily and then action needs to be taken accordingly. All these methods of evaluation need to be planned and it should be designed in such a way that it will be able to monitor all the outcomes which are present. The impact of the interventions which are present should be studied carefully, this will help to bring any necessary changes. After the implementation of the interventions, other effects need to be studied as to what are the future steps and why it needs to be adopted. The changes which are brought about by these interventions are effective or not should be assessed, and then only should be continued. The outcomes which are expected should be studied, after and before the implementation. Doing this will help in understanding how the interventions or the strategies which are implemented are effective (Gomarverdi et al., 2019).

Evaluation of public health intervention is highly important because it will help to provide a systematic method to study the program, interventions which are present, practice, or the initiatives. In addition to it, evaluation helps to determine what works and what does not work or the things which can be improved in a particular plan or initiative. When it comes to public health, the process is determined systematically and objectively, which helps in understanding the effectiveness of the program or the activities which are designed with the main aim to improve objectives. Evaluation is a well-elaborated plan, hence, it is divided into four phases: implementation, planning, implementation, completion, and also dissemination along with reporting. Following these steps are highly important as this will ensure that all the policies and strategies which are implemented are effective and it solves the purpose of the strategy and adequate evaluation might be adopted effectively. While evaluating the policy or the strategy it is important to ensure that all the parameters of the strategy are taken care of (Hoschar et al., 2020).

In several cases, a questionnaire might also be distributed, and this questionnaire will help to access and study the population. In addition to it, it also helps to determine the effectiveness of the strategy which is present. In the process of evaluation a community-based approach needs to be adopted, this population of the community should be studied, and how this community will help in the upliftment of the particular section of the society for which the policy has been designed. Questionnaires are popular research methods because they offer a fast, efficient and inexpensive means of gathering large amounts of information from sizeable sample volumes. These tools are particularly effective for measuring subject behavior, preferences, intentions, attitudes and opinions (Ohta et al., 2021).

References

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Besnier, E., Thomson, K., Stonkute, D., Mohammad, T., Akhter, N., Todd, A., Jensen, M.R., Kilvik, A., & Bambra, C. (2019). Which public health interventions are effective in reducing morbidity, mortality and health inequalities from infectious diseases amongst children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs): Protocol for an umbrella review. BMJ Open, 9(12), e032981. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032981

Cusack, L., Del Mar, C. B., Chalmers, I., Gibson, E., & Hoffmann, T.C. (2018). Educational interventions to improve people's understanding of key concepts in assessing the effects of health interventions: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 7(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0719-4

Cusack, L., Del Mar, C.B., Chalmers, I., Gibson, E., & Hoffmann, T.C. (2018). Educational interventions to improve people's understanding of key concepts in assessing the effects of health interventions: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 7(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0719-4

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Sabooteh, S., Feizi, A., Shekarchizadeh, P., Shahnazi, H., & Mostafavi, F. (2021). Designing and evaluation of E-health educational intervention on students' physical activity:

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