The essay discusses the case study of a patient named Maya Brooks, aged 36 years old, she is diagnosed with carcinoma of the left breast. The stage and the grading suggest that it is T3N0M0, grade 2 and the HER2 status is unknown. The estrogen and progesterone receptors are negative. She got to know about her diagnosis when she attended a session with her GP. The patient also has a family history of breast cancer, as her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer and this has led to her death. In the essay some things are discussed are the principle and methods associated with cancer management. In the later part of the essay holistic needs of the patient are discussed. In addition to it, the role of therapeutic radiographers and radiotherapy is also discussed, as to how they provide support in cancer. Radiographers play a vital role in cancer management, hence, it needs to be discussed.
There are several methods of cancer management and there is a fixed approach to cancer management the steps are defined below. It is important to identify the type of cancer, when the type of cancer has been identified then treatment should be provided accordingly.
In the next stage it is identified if the cancer is curable or not, it depends on the cancer that is present along with the absence and presence of metastasis. There are seven principles of cancer management and these all are described below. The first principle is the absence of toxins when the toxins are reduced it reduces the inflammation, blood is purified, the person loses weight, and along with it, the person will be able to sleep better and it will boost circulation. The second principle is a well-working immune system, immunotherapy is a treatment for some types of cancer (Debela et al., 2021). In this immune system works to kill and find the cancer cells. It is helpful in the treatment of cancer treatment as cancer cells are not like other cells, but it is different. The immune system can easily recognize and kill abnormal cells. The third level is to maintain the level of oxygen in the body. Oxygen plays a vital role in cancer therapy, all the cells require oxygen for their survival, and the same is with cancer cells. However, when the body has cancer cells or tumors, the oxygen supply is outgrown. The cancer cells should not be able to survive without oxygen, but on the other hand, some oxygen cells thrive and in some cases even resist treatment (Amjad et al., 2023).
The fourth principle discusses the optimal level of nutrition, nutrition plays an important role in cancer management. The importance of eating healthy is highly important in cancer treatment. The diet should be such that it should focus on plant-based food, with exercise. This will help the patient to maintain a healthy weight, maintain strength and decrease the side effect of the treatment. The fifth principle is the suppression of pathogenic elements, in this, all the pathogenic elements should be suppressed and the focus should only be on the treatment process. The sixth principle which has been discussed here is the maintenance of mental and spiritual integrities. Several studies suggest that quality of life and spiritual health status is highly important for the patient. It is used to control depression and anxiety and how it is reduced (Bidassie et al., 2017).
While providing care to the patient several principles need to be followed. Person-centered care should be provided in this way and the patient should be treated with respect and dignity. It encourages the patient to participate in the decision-making process, and communication with the patient is highly important. Other than this multidisciplinary care needs to be provided, this ensures all aspects of care are being provided. Family members and carers play an important role in early recognition, prevention, and assessment (Berman et al., 2020). Recovery is related to the patient's condition, and the patient is well-known for their symptoms and routine. An integrated approach towards care should be provided, in this, all the key elements are taken care of. Other than this clinical care standards need to be followed, in this, the clinicians need to make a clinical judgment and along with it also need to take care of the patient's circumstances. The health service organizations are directly responsible to ensure that the local policies, protocols, and processes are followed as this will help to guide the clinical practice just in place. It also enables health service organizations and clinicians to follow the clinical care standard and deliver and monitor adequate care (van Dongen et al., 2020).
Radiotherapy or also known as radiation therapy is majorly the killing of cancer cells or slowing their growth by damaging the DNA. In this therapy, a high dose of radiation is used and it is then used to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. The cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond the scope of repair stop division and then die. When the damaged cells die, they break down and then are removed from the body. In radiation therapy, the cancer cells are not killed immediately, but it takes weeks and days before the damage is done and then they die. Even after the therapy has ended, cancer cells keep on dying for weeks and months. Radiotherapy should be started at an early stage of cancer or when the spread of cancer is started. It can be used to cure cancer completely and to make other treatments more effective. There are several advantages of using cancer therapy and these are mentioned below. It helps to control the growth of cancer (Duffton et al., 2020). It is highly useful for people who have borderline resectable cancer and in cases of advanced pancreatic cancer. There are three types of cancer therapy, these are Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), Volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT), and Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). All these therapy options are effective and they can be easily used. Some goals of radiation therapy: the primary goal is to get rid of all cancer and prevent it from coming back. It is also used to shrink the large tumor, this is known as neoadjuvant radiation therapy. Other than this the signs and symptoms of cancer can be problematic, the use of radiation therapy will help to relieve all symptoms. Radiation therapy is a comparatively safer option when compared to other treatment options, the side effects presented by it are comparatively low (Pallin et al., 2020).
Therapeutic radiographers work in the healthcare team and they provide diagnostic imaging services. In large hospitals more prominent and wider radiography teams are present. They are generally present in the radiography departments, operating theatres, wards, and mobile units. A & E units are used to diagnose fractures and other conditions. Most radiographers work and make their career in this field, in addition to it, they also gain experience in the high-level qualification. A well-known promotion structure is defined and then advanced practitioners are formed and it also involves managing the team in a specialist field (Cornacchione et al., 2021). Diagnostic radiographers might choose to specialize in a particular technique such as MRI, CT, ultrasound, and fluoroscopy. Unlike diagnostic radiographers, diagnostic radiographers know the patient in quite a good manner and provide them with the treatment which is required. In this, the radiographer explains the treatment and provides support to the patient throughout the whole time. It is also necessary to have a good bedside manner while providing treatment to the patient. Adequate medical treatment should be provided to the patient, so the treatment plan can be designed accordingly. Patients of all ages and work are taken care of, in some cases, it can be emotionally demanding. However, it can be a rewarding role as the radiographers often encourage the patient so they receive the treatment and the result which is obtained is that full health is restored (Oliveira et al., 2022).
In the essay, several methods of cancer management are discussed and along with a fixed approach to cancer management. Several principles of cancer management have been described in the essay and these are the absence of toxins, a well-tuned immune system, appropriate levels of oxygenation, optimal nutritional status, suppression of pathogenic elements, and the maintenance of mental and spiritual integrities. Patient care is highly important and there are some principles to be followed for patient care. These are: patient-centered care should be provided, a multidisciplinary approach should be adopted, and family members should be involved in the treatment process other than this health service organization plays an important role. The role of therapeutic radiographers and radiotherapy in cancer treatment is of high importance and it needs to be discussed.
Amjad, M.T., Chidharla, A., & Kasi, A. (2023). Cancer chemotherapy. StatPearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564367/
Berman, R., Davies, A., Cooksley, T., Gralla, R., Carter, L., Darlington, E., Scotté, F., & Higham, C. (2020). Supportive care: An indispensable component of modern oncology. Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 32(11), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2020.07.020
Bidassie, B., Hoffman-Hōgg, L., Eapen, S., Aggarwal, A., Park, Y.A., Keller, A., & Kelley, M. J. (2017). Cancer care collaborative approach to optimize clinical care. Federal Practitioner: For the Health Care Professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS, 34(3), S42–S49.
Cornacchione, P., Tagliaferri, L., D'Aviero, A., Ciabattoni, A., Galdieri, C., De Sanctis, V., Fellin, F., Gribaudo, S., Lambertini, D., Gambacorta, M.A., Jereczek-Fossa, B. A., Donato, V., & Vavassori, A. (2021). The role of radiation therapy technologist in interventional radiotherapy (brachytherapy) in Italy: Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) and Italian Association of Radiation Therapy and Medical Physics Technologists (AITRO) joint project. Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy, 13(6), 599–604. https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2021.112109
Debela, D.T., Muzazu, S.G., Heraro, K.D., Ndalama, M.T., Mesele, B.W., Haile, D.C., Kitui, S. K., & Manyazewal, T. (2021). New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open Medicine, 9, 20503121211034366. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211034366
Duffton, A., Li, W., & Forde, E. (2020). The pivotal role of the therapeutic radiographer/radiation therapist in image-guided radiotherapy research and development. Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 32(12), 852–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2020.09.009
Oliveira, C., Barbosa, B., Couto, J. G., Bravo, I., Khine, R., & McNair, H. (2022). Advanced practice roles of therapeutic radiographers/radiation therapists: A systematic literature review. Radiography (London, England : 1995), 28(3), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2022.04.009
Pallin, N.D., Beeken, R.J., Pritchard-Jones, K., Charlesworth, L., Woznitza, N., & Fisher, A. (2020). Therapeutic radiographers' delivery of health behaviour change advice to those living with and beyond cancer: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 10(8), e039909. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039909
van Dongen, S.I., de Nooijer, K., Cramm, J. M., Francke, A.L., Oldenmenger, W.H., Korfage, I. J., Witkamp, F.E., Stoevelaar, R., van der Heide, A., & Rietjens, J.A. (2020). Self-management of patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review of experiences and attitudes. Palliative Medicine, 34(2), 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216319883976
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